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General (Denmark)

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General
General
Army and Air force insignia
Vehicle Star Plate[1]
Country Denmark
Service branch
AbbreviationGEN
Rank groupGeneral officer
NATO rank codeOF-9
Pay gradeM406
Formation1567
Next higher rankFeltmarskalk (until 1842)
Next lower rankGeneralløjtnant
Equivalent ranksAdmiral

General (Danish pronunciation: [ɡenəˈʁaːl]) is the highest rank of the Royal Danish Army and Royal Danish Air Force. As a four-star rank it is the equivalent to the rank of admiral in the Royal Danish Navy.[2]

The rank is rated OF-9 within NATO.[3] It has the grade of M406 within the Ministry of Defence's pay structure.[4] The rank of General is reserved for the Chief of Defence and the King À la suite.[5]

History

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The rank can be traced back to 24 October 1567, when Daniel Rantzau was made "Captain general and Field commander" (Danish: generalkaptajn og feltoberst) by Frederick II.[6] Until the Thirty Years' War, the rank was known as "uppermost general" (Danish: general-øfverste).[6]

Since Denmark used German as the official command language, and was using heavily inspired German ranks, and the rank was later made service specific, with "General of the infantry" and "General of the cavalry".[7][8] On 25 May 1671, the ranks were codified, by King Christian V, with the publication of the Danish order of precedence. Here generals of the branch were placed below Lieutenant field marshal (Danish: Feltmarskal Lieutenant), and above the noble rank of Count and the military rank of Lieutenant general.[9]

Following the 1842 reform, the field marshal ranks were removed, making full general the highest rank and exclusive for the King and Hereditary Prince Ferdinand.[10] As part of the Army Reform of 1867, the ranks of Major, Lieutenant colonel were removed and only a single "General" rank was kept.[11] After the 1880 reform, the general officer ranks were reintroduced.[12] Commanding generals of the 1st and 2nd General Command were made Lieutenant generals while everyone else were made Major general.[12] Again making the general exclusive for royalty.[10]

With the creation of the Danish Defence and Defence Command, it was decided that officers promoted to Chief of Defence, be given the rank of general or admiral.[13] At the same time, the rank of general was also adopted as the highest rank for the newly created independent air force.[13]

Insignia

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The first official uniform was instituted on 29 September 1737.[14] The first few uniform designs have not survived, though they were likely red, highly ornamented coats without collar.[15] The red coat remained until 1768, when Comte de Saint-Germain instituted white uniforms for generals, these were however removed shortly after, in 1769.[16] In 1772, the first real ranks were introduced to the Danish Army; these were gold rings on the cuffs, with three for full generals, two for Lieutenant generals, and one for major generals.[17] This uniform saw a number of changes until 1785, when the cuff ranks were removed.[18]

In 1801, new uniforms were introduced for the whole army. Along with the new uniforms, epaulette ranks were introduced for officers, with generals wearing six-pointed stars on their epaulettes.[19][5] The general ranks remained largely unchanged from their introduction until 1979, and the adoption of NATO STANAG 2116.[5] The adoption created the new rank of Brigadier general, which would receive the one star, meaning the full general would end with 4 stars.[5] However, four stars were considered too big for the shoulder insignia, a new insignia therefore created featuring Marshal batons.[5] This insignia, was however, only used for a short period, and by Jørgen Lyng's appointment, the rank had changed to four-stars.

Rank insignia

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  • Rank insignia for General
  • Army uniform (1801–1822)
    Army uniform (1801–1822)
  • Full dress (1822–1869) Field uniform (1822–1849)
    Full dress (1822–1869)
    Field uniform (1822–1849)
  • Full dress (1869–1889) Field uniform (1849–1889)
    Full dress (1869–1889)
    Field uniform (1849–1889)
  • Full dress (1889–1989)
    Full dress (1889–1989)
  • Field uniform (1910–1915)
    Field uniform (1910–1915)
  • ... (1915–1923)
    ... (1915–1923)
  • ... (1923–1952)
    ... (1923–1952)
  • ... (1952–1963)
    ... (1952–1963)
  • ... (1963–1983)
    ... (1963–1983)
  • Service shirt slip-on (1969–1983)
    Service shirt slip-on (1969–1983)
  • ... (1983–1989)
    ... (1983–1989)
  • ... (1989–2018)
    ... (1989–2018)
  • Full dress (1989–present)
    Full dress (1989–present)
  • Service shirt slip-on (1989–present)
    Service shirt slip-on (1989–present)
  • Field uniform (2018–present)
    Field uniform (2018–present)
  • Air force
    Air force
  • Air force sleeve
    Air force sleeve

See also

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References

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Citations

  1. ^ "FKOBST L.202 - 4: Ceremoniel i Forsvaret" (in Danish). Danish Defence. October 2019. p. Bilag 3 til Tillæg A. Retrieved 13 October 2024.
  2. ^ STANAG 2116, p. B-2.
  3. ^ STANAG 2116, p. A-2.
  4. ^ Ministry of Defence 2017.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hedegaard 1986.
  6. ^ a b Madsen 1904, p. 218.
  7. ^ Lund 1994, p. 45.
  8. ^ Editors 1935, p. 3.
  9. ^ danmarkshistorien.dk 2017.
  10. ^ a b Hedegaard 1979, p. 39.
  11. ^ Klint 1965, p. 8.
  12. ^ a b Ministry of War 1880, p. 35.
  13. ^ a b Folketinget 1950, §5.
  14. ^ Petersen 2014, p. 31.
  15. ^ Petersen 2014, pp. 31–32.
  16. ^ Petersen 2014, p. 36.
  17. ^ Petersen 2014, p. 39.
  18. ^ Petersen 2014, p. 41.
  19. ^ Petersen 2014, p. 42.

Bibliography

  • danmarkshistorien.dk (17 May 2017). "Rangforordningen, 25. maj 1671" (in Danish). danmarkshistorien.dk. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
  • "Grads-Betegnelserne i Hæren". Danske Soldater (in Danish). 2 (2). 12 February 1935.
  • Folketinget (1950). "235: Forslag til lov om fosvarets ordning". folketingstidende.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  • Hedegaard, E. O. A. (1979). Den militære feltmarskalstavs historie: En våben- og krigshistorisk studie [The History of the Field Marshal's Baton: A Study of the History of Weapons] (in Danish). Forlaget ZAC.
  • Hedegaard, Ole A. (1 January 1986). "Nyt militært gradstegn - en ny/gammel tradition!". Krigsvidenskab.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  • Klint, Helge (1965). "Træk af Hærstabens historie". Hærkommandoens Årsskrift (in Danish). Nyt Nordisk Forlag: 5–11.
  • Lund, Jørn (1994). "Modersmålsundervisningens venner og fjender". Sprog I Norden (in Danish): 45–54. Retrieved 29 March 2021.
  • Madsen, Emil (1904). "De nationale Tropper, samt Hærvæsenets Styrelse i det 16. Aarhundrede" (PDF). Historisk Tidsskrift (in Danish). 5 (7): 134. Retrieved 6 August 2023.
  • Military Committee Land Standardization Board (13 January 2021). STANAG 2116 (7th ed.). NATO Standardization Agency.
  • Ministry of Defence (9 January 2017). "Historik". forpers.dk (in Danish). Forsvarsministeriets Personalestyrelse. Archived from the original on 22 February 2019. Retrieved 8 April 2021.
  • Ministry of War (1880). "Love og Bestemmelser, som angaae hæren". Kundgjørelser for hæren samt Love og Bestemmelser, som angaae hæren (in Danish). Copenhagen.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Petersen, Karsten Skjold (2014). Kongens klæder - Hærens uniformer og udrustning i Danmark-Norge (in Danish) (1st ed.). Slovenia: Historika. ISBN 9788793229006.
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